Earth Structures

Exercise Goal: Recognize how bedrock reacts to structural powers starting profound inside Earth. 1. Thoroughly analyze anxiety. In material science, strain is express by distortion caused through the activity of weight on a physical body. It is determined by an adjustment in two body states; starting and last states. The distinction in two states communicates the (numerical) estimation of strain. Strain is equivalent to an adjustment fit as a fiddle of a physical body. Strain can be classified in to two sorts; homogenous and non-homogenous.Homogenous strain is alluded if the strain is equivalent the whole bit of the body while non-homogenous strain; the strain is equivalent to a segment of a body. Stress is identical to compel per unit region. It is determined by the power of inward powers performing inside a body across nonexistent inner surfaces. This outcomes to remotely applied and body powers. Stress is identified with power while strain is identified with twisting. In stress-re lated properties, all materials have temperature subordinate differences.Static liquids bolster the hydrostatic weight; it will stream under shear pressure. Moving gooey liquids bolsters the dynamic weight (Samaniego â€Å"Stress, strain and issue patterns†). 2. Recognize joints and blames. What makes a shortcoming dynamic? In topography, joint is a crack in a stone mass, which has no balanced. It alludes to non-parallel development of one side comparative with the other while a flaw alludes to a break in rock mass where one side slides along the side past to the next. The structure of a joint structures a strong and hard rock that extends past its versatile modules.In any case, the stone cracks in a plane opposite to the extensional pressure is paralled with compressive pressure. Joints normally exist when disintegration expels overlying rocks. This decreases the compressive burden and permitting the stone to extend horizontally. Also, cooling of hot stone masses and cooling joints structures (Joint 2007). There are three significant characterizations of issues. These incorporate ordinary, opposite and strike slip deficiencies. The (structural) worries because of plate movements were created after some time and breaks in the outside of the Earth. The stones at lopsided periods break up.This results to tremors. Typical blaming began at the unique limits while switch blaming started at joined limits. Typical blaming is related with crustal expansion while invert blaming is related with crustal shortening. Ultimately, strike-slip blaming began at changed limits (Reches â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Hypothetical analysis†). 3. Clarify what each kind of unconformity suggests about the arrangement of geologic occasions. Four kinds of unconformity incorporate; disconformity, rebelliousness, precise unconformity and paraconformity.Disconformity alludes to an unconformity between equal layers of sedimentary rocks speaking to a time of disintegration. Dissention exists between sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. The sedimentary stone lies above and saved on the prior and dissolved molten stone. Unconformity alludes to a break in the congruity of sedimentary rocks brought about by disintegration. Paraconformity shows up when the beds above and underneath are equal; no disintegration al surface is available. Regardless, the unconformity results to a division and additionally affidavit of two stone masses causing the arrangement of geologic occasions (Unconformity 2007).Works Cited â€Å"Joint. † 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, sixth ed. , Columbia University Press. 9 December 2007 < http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/sci/A0826522. html>. Reches, Z. â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Hypothetical investigation. † 31 March 2003. Technophysics. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V72-48894N0-2S&am p;_user=10&_origUdi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_fmt=high&_coverDate=05%2F20%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ca2e0b329475a6f5a70a37b5eda89e86>.Samaniego, A. â€Å"Stress, strain and deficiency designs. † 30 July 1999. Diary of Structural Geology. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=715c8aab57dd7baa2d89a90c55869bbd>. â€Å"Unconformity. † Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. 9 December 2007 http://www. answers. com/theme/unconformity? cat=technology.

New York Better Protected From Influenza Epidemic :: Journalism History Media Essays

New York Better Protected From Influenza Epidemic NEW YORK- - These previous barely any warring years have left the countries of the world in different phases of pulverization and annihilation, and the total populace has been wrecked by fights and illness. Here, in New York, we unquestionably observe the results of the war on the economy and industry, and tragically, the residents of New York are additionally undependable from the lethal Spanish flu scourge that has been clearing the globe. Despite the fact that the New York Times provided details regarding August 15, 1918, that there is no isolate here against flu, that was an excessively hopeful report. Presently the Great War is reaching a conclusion and the Allies are drawing nearer and closer to triumph against the Germans. Despite the fact that war losses hit numerous Europeans nations hard, something different is spreading far and wide that is deserting an a lot more prominent path of setbacks. The flu of the period is an a lot more grounded strain than the one that generally feels like a typical cold, and it shows an odd example of horribleness. Normally flu slaughters tainted individuals who are old or little youngsters. The flu strain of 1918, be that as it may, is making survivors of individuals somewhere in the range of 20 and 40 years of age. As The New York Times detailed from the get-go in the year German soldiers fell wiped out with flu. This Spanish flu that influenced the soldiers is called so in light of the fact that it initially influenced millions in Spain. Numerous articles in The New York Times examined the chance of the flu spreading to American and Allied soldiers through contact with different soldiers through No Man's Land, yet trusts were high that the Americans would not be influenced on the grounds that they were solid and not undernourished. These end up being bogus expectations, and now Americans, British and French the same are influenced by the Spanish flu. Here at home in New York, in September of 1918, the Health Commissioner of New York City declared that there was no risk of a pestilence in New York City and individuals ought not stress. Just a couple of days after the fact in October 1918, in excess of 800 New Yorkers kicked the bucket in a solitary day. The Spanish flu initially arrived at pandemic extents in Boston prior this year and afterward it influenced our extraordinary New York. What is genuinely terrifying about this frightful scourge is that individuals are passing on rapidly from seasonal influenza.

Sensory Perception

Our faculties sustain our mind like food takes care of our body, without their info our cerebrums would be empty and lacking of information (Kirby and Goodpaster, 2007). For information we intensely depend on what we see from our faculties, as they give direct encounters, giving us essential proof on environmental factors and circumstances. Anyway human’s five detects contact, taste, sight, sound and smell additionally have their impersonations, so in this way they each have shortcomings to the measure of precision of information they can give. Beginning from the feeling of sight, a well known articulation is â€Å"seeing is believing† as we rely upon this sense to affirm reality. Anyway convictions from sight fluctuate from individual to individual as we see things in an unexpected way. A case of this would be the reality some time ago individuals accepted the earth was level, as that was the way it showed up as should have been obvious the removed skyline as a straight line, it was just when the couple of thought in any case went forward to demonstrate against this information that they had the option to open new vistas of reality through their vision. Hearing, another sense has additionally been significant for the utilization of human endurance as a method of hearing abnormal sounds that may represent threat and for correspondence through language. In any case, human hearing can be restricted, as frequently researchers discover the presence or nearness of sounds we can't hear through our own ears. A human hearing disintegrates through age, as affectability towards hints of higher recurrence is lost. Anyway our hearing is complex enough that we can arrange the sounds we hear, gathering and isolating these variables so in one perspective we hear what we need to hear. Sounds can likewise be deciphered or misjudged by various individuals as they invigorate fluctuated feelings. As we for the most part associate the sounds we hear back to our memory, which means we can perceive an individual with a recognizable voice. The feeling of smell is significant and is frequently utilized subliminally for instinctual reasons. As of late found the degree to which the smell of an accomplice can influence our fascination in them. Our discernments and assessments others are affected by their smell, as upsetting scents interface with our sickens or negative assessment of another. Be that as it may, the view of what is a fortunate or unfortunate smell can be deciphered distinctively between individuals as it is appended to past information picked up. Information, legitimization and basic reasoning are three factors that add to the exactness of tactile information (Mohanan, 2000). Basic reasoning is the psychological procedure of reflecting after something to evaluate its believability, truth, criticalness, convenience, worth or goodness based on data accessible to us and a method of support that we think about authentic. Basic reasoning, information and legitimization bolster the precision of data that our faculties feed our cerebrum. What we call information is an assortment of suggestions that we accept to be valid. An information guarantee turns out to be a piece of the information for a person when the case is acknowledged as evident. Defense includes giving motivations to tolerating recommendations that we views as information, that is, for believing them to be valid. It likewise included giving motivations to dismissing the suggestions that we see as non-information, believing them to be bogus. As such, support includes the resistance of what we sees as obvious, and the nullification of what we see as bogus. Perceptions, speculations and hypotheses are procedures of defense when utilizing the faculties as a feasible method of picking up information. Clinicians have since a long time ago discussed if recognition is in actuality because of nature or support. Starting from the view purpose of nature, Gibson’s base up/direct hypothesis that all the data we have to see is given by our visual condition e. g. nature, instead of utilizing past information or experience (Mace, 2005). Moreover, Gibson and Gibson later proposed their Differentiation Theory which clarifies how the intrinsic framework creates. They proposed when youthful, we do not have the capacity to separate between objects. Be that as it may, as we get more seasoned we build up the capacity to separate, for this to occur all the essential data required is found is our visual condition. Next, from the view point that recognition is a procedures of sustain originates from Gregory’s top down/circuitous hypothesis which recommend that regularly the perceptual tangible information we get is equivocal and devastated so discernment frequently depends on the development of tactile information, put away information and desires (McLeod, 2007). Research would propose that albeit some contend that recognition is because of nature, while different contends for support, it might in certainty be that the two components are reliant and depend on one another. All things considered, it would be generally versatile to be brought into the world with some ‘hard wired systems’ which can be pruned and afterward created to suit our condition. The human faculties have enough solidarity to empower us to endure and build up our insight into our encompassing world to a point a point which we feel great. Each sense has its restrictions just as its ability to be affected by our acquired inclinations, recollections or past information. The faculties an additionally be affected by certain human states as tiredness, sedate/liquor misuse, healthful lacks are on the whole unfavorable to the affectability of faculties making us see something erroneously. Our faculties disclose to us comparable things: through our various encounters in life we retain the realities in various manners.

Film review ( Run Lola Run ) Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film ( Run Lola Run ) - Movie Review Example The film has three elective storylines with various endings. The movie has received a remarkable and quick methodology in recounting to the story and is an unquestionable requirement watch for those inspired by little spending films that are quick and with basic and direct subjects. Chief of the movie is Tom Tykwer who has coordinated movies, for example, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, The International and Cloud Atlas, Heaven and others. Fundamental entertainers are Franka Potente, Moritz Bleibtreu, Herbert Knaup, Nina Petri and others (Maslin, 2011). On-screen characters Roles/Performance: The primary characters are Lola, played by Franka Potente, A German entertainer and vocalist who has acted in excess of 30 movies including the Bourne film arrangement and won numerous honors. The sweethearts job of Manni is played by Moritz Bleibtreu who has acted in excess of 20 movies, for example, World War Z, Young Goethe in Love, The Fourth State and others. The job of Papa is played by Herbert Knaup who has acted in around nine movies, for example, In Darkness, Jerry Cotton and others. Portrayal is given by Hans Paetsch, a popular storyteller for German narratives and kids movies and who has acted in excess of six movies (IMDB, 2010). Different characters in the film incorporate the punk with a canine, a visually impaired lady, a vagrant, investor, security watch the cyclist and others (Film Education, 2013). Story line/Plot/Location: Shot in Berlin, the film begins with Lola getting a call from Manni, a negligible criminal who has gathered 100,000 DM and overlooked the sack with the money on a train. Manni hysterically reveals to Lola that he should acquire the money in a short time else his mafia manager will send a criminal to kill him. Lola then beginnings hurrying to ask her Papa, a bank director for the cash and the movie is made of three runs. In each run, Lola slams into individuals and every crash prompts an alternate story. In the primary run, Lola sees a pooch that she evades and chances upon a lady with a buggy. After a progression of occasions, Lola arrives at the bank just to be informed that his

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow Article

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow - Article Example The creator is believable enough given the strategy where the data has been ordered and spoken to given likewise this is an enlisted foundation. In addition, this data has been gotten from authentic sources so this loans more prominent validity to it. The data spoke to on this page is just incompletely complete as it covers open restricted organizations in enormous part. Be that as it may, the exactness of the data isn't contestable as the creator has included references to his wellspring of data. The creator has introduced the points of view of his association on corporate social obligation utilizing appropriately refered to authentic sources including reports and gathering procedures. References to the data are inescapable all through the archive and the creator has made it a point to support his contentions by introducing references before propelling his contention. The archive and the site are both refreshed given the condition of the issues recorded. What's more, the site shows current issues from 2012 in its menu which additionally focuses to the way that the site is routinely refreshed. The present page on corporate social duty tends to the issue from an assortment of viewpoints. The creator initially characterizes corporate social obligation and afterward relates corporate social duty to manageability. This is trailed by a conversation of socially dependable speculators and corporate social obligation. At long last, the creator relates worldwide detailing rules for corporate social obligation and the record closes with a connection for advisers for corporate social duty reports and assets.

How to Find Credible Writing Service

How to Find Credible Writing Service Essay Writing Service Home›Essay Writing ServiceOur best writing service of premium qualityFinding the best writing service is a real challenge for many students. There is a wide variety of essays on the Internet, but the writing is not always of top-notch quality. Very often, the service provided is of real poor quality as the essays can be inferior or plagiarized. If you want to get more detailed information about what kind of a writing company can be called a reliable essay writing service, read on the article and find more details about our company’s specifics.  Our best writing service occupies leading positions in the rating of essay writing companies.The very first thing you should pay attention to in our   bestwritingservice is that all the quality essays provided are written and edited by experts in academic writing and more specific areas of research. Besides, on the website of our best  writing service, you can find feedbacks of our new, regular, and returning custome rs. Read them carefully and find out what clients think of our service. %Want to order such type of writing? Our price starts at $11.99/page ORDER NOWFind out which criteria we follow in order to make sure we satisfy the needs of our customers:We provide different types of writing!Our service is not only providing quality essays â€" we provide a wide range of writing services of different academic levels. In particular, customers order research papers, reports, reviews, case study analyses, term papers, dissertations, annotated bibliographies, outlines, presentations, and many other types of writing.If a company does not provide quality writing service that entails writing of numerous paper types, then it should alarm you as it is the first indication that the company does not probably have a well-qualified and professional staff. Our best writing service makes sure that only professionals in the corresponding fields of research work on your essays or other writing assignments. For example, if you order quality essays in psychology, we guarantee that a writer that has a degree in this field will commence work on writing your papers. 1. Submit paper details:Provide us with contact information, particularly email and phone number. Fill in the order type, the number of pages, a clearly formulated topic, referencing style, and the number of sources that need to be used. 2. Make a payment:Pay without risk! You will see the total sum for your order and several ways of payment. We support the most reliable and trusted payment systems. Pay for your paper using any of the available methods: Skrill, Visa, and MasterCard. 3. Control the writig process:Then a particular writer is assigned to your order by our administration. After the order goes into the processing stage, you can contact the writer directly to provide some further details and monitor the order progress. 4. Get better grades:Pass your exams easily and successfully. Catch up with your paper before the d eadline! Save your time, money, and efforts. Spend more time with your family and friends!Reasonable prices and a specific payment policyPricing is really important for the proper functioning of the writing service. First, we should satisfy the needs of our clients and make the prices as affordable as possible (especially make them accessible for an average student). Second, we should make sure our writers’ team is motivated enough to work thoroughly on writing your essays and other papers.When looking for a reliable essay writing service, you need to pay attention to the balance between the essay quality and its price. If you are looking for a really quality service and authentic papers, do not expect underrated prices. If the essays are too cheap, you should probably ask yourself whether you will really get quality essays that will be written from scratch.Our best writing service can definitely ensure you that when buying essays from us, you will get an original paper that will be checked for plagiarism via special software.

Supply chain Management Term Paper - 550 Words

Supply chain Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Please put your name herePlease type your instructor name hereManagement2nd September, 2014Supply Chain Management1. There are essentially five stages in this process of supply chain with three important flows.The stages are:458152574295034861508128002228850838200742950933450Suppliers Manufacturers Wholesalers Retailers End-customer.The three main flows that are involved in this process are the flow of finances, information, as well as material.When a customer buys a can of soda from a convenience store, the purchase essentially signifies the culmination of the supply chainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s delivery of the product, and the commencement of information in relation to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬sÂpurchase flowing in the reverse direction CITATION Rob08 \l 16393 (Robert M.Monczka).2. When a customer orders for a book from an online bookstore like Amazon, there are five different parties who are involved in this purchase process. T hey are namely, the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and finally the end-customer. Again, the supplier-tier comprises of other parties like suppliers of various raw-materials like timber, paper, the packer, one who supplies chemicals, publishers, plastic manufacturer, and ink supplier, among others. All these people are involved in supplying the required raw material for the publishing of the book based the schedule of the order and production. At this stage of the supply chain, the presence of the procurement cycle revolves around the parties involved in the supply and manufacture. Due to the fact that even these people would not be in a position to judge or predict the actual demand of the end-customer while the execution of the above listed activities, the entire process can be defined as a push-process.The manufacturing cycles is triggered only through replenishment orders from the retailer or the distributor, or through the customer demand forecast, even t his would be push-processOn the contrary, the customer cycle is a process that takes place between the interface of the retailer and a consumer. Sometimes, the customer may skip the retailers, and might prefer to place the order with the wholesaler, and this leads to the non-existence of a one or two stages in the supply chain. However, this cycle is initiated by the customer, and all parties directly react to the demand of the customer, and thus it is pull-process CITATION Joh081 \l 16393 (Gattorna). Supply chain Management Term Paper - 550 Words Supply chain Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Please put your name herePlease type your instructor name hereManagement2nd September, 2014Supply Chain Management1. There are essentially five stages in this process of supply chain with three important flows.The stages are:458152574295034861508128002228850838200742950933450Suppliers Manufacturers Wholesalers Retailers End-customer.The three main flows that are involved in this process are the flow of finances, information, as well as material.When a customer buys a can of soda from a convenience store, the purchase essentially signifies the culmination of the supply chainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s delivery of the product, and the commencement of information in relation to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬sÂpurchase flowing in the reverse direction CITATION Rob08 \l 16393 (Robert M.Monczka).2. When a customer orders for a book from an online bookstore like Amazon, there are five different parties who are involved in this purchase process. T hey are namely, the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and finally the end-customer. Again, the supplier-tier comprises of other parties like suppliers of various raw-materials like timber, paper, the packer, one who supplies chemicals, publishers, plastic manufacturer, and ink supplier, among others. All these people are involved in supplying the required raw material for the publishing of the book based the schedule of the order and production. At this stage of the supply chain, the presence of the procurement cycle revolves around the parties involved in the supply and manufacture. Due to the fact that even these people would not be in a position to judge or predict the actual demand of the end-customer while the execution of the above listed activities, the entire process can be defined as a push-process.The manufacturing cycles is triggered only through replenishment orders from the retailer or the distributor, or through the customer demand forecast, even t his would be push-processOn the contrary, the customer cycle is a process that takes place between the interface of the retailer and a consumer. Sometimes, the customer may skip the retailers, and might prefer to place the order with the wholesaler, and this leads to the non-existence of a one or two stages in the supply chain. However, this cycle is initiated by the customer, and all parties directly react to the demand of the customer, and thus it is pull-process CITATION Joh081 \l 16393 (Gattorna).

Ww2 Essay - 957 Words

Together, Canada and the United States, on behalf of the Allies, made military contributions in the Second World War, albeit with varying results. Canada had declared war on the Axis Powers only a week after Great Britain and France had made their declarations. The war continued on, and Axis victory was being averted by sheer Allied bravery, even though Britain was near to collapse and France and the rest of Europe had long fallen. Allied victory seemed impossible, until the United States entered the war in December 1941. It was a turnaround and a triumph of American material and logistics superiority. Canadian contributions were not as decisive, yet helped provide stability and note-worthy support to America’s swift and decisive military†¦show more content†¦Canadian involvement in the Second World War was largely self-gratifying, in a way, as it began to develop a huge war industry of aircraft, military vehicles and cargo carriers’ production, most of which w ent to Britain, which kept its factories working, which spurred them to keep alive their interest in helping to win the war. The major contribution by the Canadians was the usage of the Corvettes that acted as escorts for supply ships on the way to Britain. Without these supplies, D-Day would never have happened. These military skirmishes and actions kept the war alive, but did not initiate any significant results on their own; however they were a pivotal support force. America’s late entry into the war was made up with its efficient and strategic fighting in battles, which ended the Second World War. Most of American military contributions in Europe were in collaboration with troops from other Allied nations, such as the Italian Campaign, D-Day landings (under American General D. Eisenhower) and the Battle of the Bulge. Starting from the West, Allied forces moved further eastwards, with the United States leading from the front, while Soviet forces attacked westwards, trapping Berlin. Hitler committed suicide, Nazi Germany was in disarray, and the war in Europe was won. It was a victory for AmericanShow MoreRelatedWill There Be A Ww2 Essay737 Words   |  3 Pages Will there be a WWIII? Most likely not. Countries from around the world are trying to prevent this from happening, because if we have a WWIII, we would be our own demise. First off, There are so many nuclear warheads in the world, that we could blow up the whole earth. As it say s in this article, from a scientist/mathematician There are an estimated total of 20,500 nuclear warheads in the world today. 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Firstly, this essay will briefly discuss the previous fears of invasion, from the introduction of the White Australia Policy to the War on Terr or, and how eventsRead MoreCause and Effect of World War II880 Words   |  3 Pageswas the biggest war to ever take place in the existence of mankind. without world war 2 our world would not be nearly advanced as it is now, the war caused advances in technology, weaponry, and the most important the atomic bomb. The beginning of WW2 began during 1939, however before this date there had been a few other conflicts in Asia that most people believe actually started the war.world war 2 had one of the biggest influences on how the world functions in todays world. There are four mainRead MoreThe World War 11 By Ronald Takaki Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesroles of; African-Americans, Native-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Asian-Americans, during the war and the sacrifices made for their country. 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The Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato - 1595 Words

The allegory of the cave proposed by Plato includes the representation of the levels of knowledge. As we get closer to the exit, we get more knowledgeable and wiser we get, thus becoming better selves. Literature represents part of this knowledge, it has been a fundamental part of understanding our society, and has archived and developed the events and thoughts that made the world in which we live today. The more we read, the more we understand about us as well as learning from other peoples’ experiences. Literature has gathered all the information we know so far and has brought us out of the cave by showing us how humanity has evolved the we know it. Knowledge is said that can be taught by someone who has certainly more understanding and experience than someone else. According to Plato, in the case of the cave, between the prisoner and the instructor, knowledge can’t be transmitted. Every person has different experiences and points of view that would distort the interpretation, thus, having different meanings. Instead, the best way is by directing, meaning that the role of the instructor is to guide its students to what is relevant and important in life, which will allow the student to learn independently. Walking towards the light which can also be perceived as knowledge, is the main need in order to reach self-actualization. â€Å"Last of all he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not inShow MoreRelatedPlatos Allegory of the Cave and the Condition of Mankind1147 Words   |  5 Pagesdistinction between truth and knowledge is effecti vely highlighted in Plato’s allegory of the cave, which illustrates the great limitations faced by philosophers in discovering the ultimate nature of reality. Nevertheless regarding the theory of knowledge, the parable itself is highly symbolic and asserts that any knowledge gained through perceptual awareness is an illusion and are mere reflections of the highest truths. This allegory can be interpreted in many ways; however in the context of platonic epistemologyRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 PagesEXPLAIN 2) WHY IT IS A DILEMMA FOR HE TO CHOOSE TO RULE. WHY DOES HE HAVE TO BE COMPELLED AND WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMPULSION? 3) BE SURE TO COMMENT ON HOW THIS QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE ANSWER PLATO ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT TO GLAUCONS CHALLENGE? Part 1 In Plato’s Republic, Plato sets out to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust. Doing so requires him to look into the soul of human beings. Souls by nature are difficult to examine so he suggests that he use the analogyRead MorePhilosophical Principals Exemplified in The Truman Show and in the Allegory of the Cave807 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduces the allegory of the cave, which is metaphorical scenario that attempts to explain the importance of questioning norms that may seem trivial. Plato illustrates a cave where bounded prisoners have lived all their lives in seclusion, away from the outside world. In their immobile state, they can only look at the wall in front of them which is illuminated by a small fire that has been going on behind them. The wall constantly projects shadows of people passing by outside the cave going aboutRead MoreModern Technology And Its Effect On The Mindset Of The Current Generation1572 Words   |  7 Pagesintellect. The argument and position proposed by the author on knowledge and technology directly aligns with Plato’s thoughts on education and knowledge made evident through his well-known â€Å"Allegory of the Cave.† Plato describes in the allegory of his teacher, Socrates, illustrating a fictional cave to Plato’s brother, Glaucon. Socrates goes on to say that there are prisoners in the cave, who are shackled in chains in a position that forces them to face the cave wall in front of them. Behind the prisonersRead MoreComing Back to Platos Cave1125 Words   |  5 PagesIn Plato’s Republic, Book VII, Socrates presents an allegory to Glaucon that is meant to examine the effect of education and knowledge on human beings (514a). This allegory motivates the arguments given in the larger context of the Republic, namely the construction of the perfectly good and just city. Specifically, the allegory shows how the philosopher, as the only person who exits the cave in the a llegory, is required to re enter the cave after having exited and come into direct contact with trueRead MoreThe Republicn and a Brief History of Philosphy1763 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher-king, soul, and truth. Plato uses justice though as the folk point and the remaining five trace back to justice. Socrates defines justice as â€Å"that one man should practice one thing only, the thing to which his nature was best adapted† (Plato 123). Socrates then goes to discuss the three parts to the soul, â€Å"A man reasons, we may call the rational principle of the soul, the other†¦ may be termed the irrational or appetitive† and then there is the spirit (Plato 130). Kant proposes that justiceRead MoreThe Theory Of The Chair1282 Words   |  6 Pagesobjects imperfect, because they are copies of the original idea. Plato believed that there were two worlds; the visible and the intelligible. The visible world is based off the senses, what is perceived around us, and i t is a world made of up of change and uncertainty. The intelligible world is unchanging and perfect, such as ideas. These two realms are applied in the passage â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. In the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† the prisoners that are forced to watch the shadowy figures areRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1086 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the allegorical significance(s) of the cave in Plato’s Republic. How is the cave an allegory of Plato’s philosophy? How is the allegory of the cave an allegory for enlightenment or philosophical education? How and why are most human beings like prisoners in a cave? Who are the puppeteers? What does the world outside the cave represent? What does the sun represent? Etc. What is Plato’s Theory of the Forms? What is a Form? How does the allegory of the cave express Plato’s Theory of the Forms? HowRead MorePlato s Theory Of Education Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesPlato enunciated his theory of education in The Republic that knowledge would allow the person to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. He continued his point by explaining how this distinction was prevalent in the study of mathematics, which he considered to be a prerequisite for studying philosophy, and using the knowledge gained to understand complex ideas such as what justice meantRead MoreEyes Wide Open By Richard Powers1272 Words   |  6 Pagesshould do with the world, but what we can make the world do,† and â€Å"the next thousand years must make up the difference, returning subtlety and richness and morals and lightness of spirit to the long human experiment, if any part of it is to survive.† Plato, Pierce, Whitehead, Bloom and many others have commented on this idea of how knowledge and education were and/or how it should continue to be. In my opinion, the idea of science behind everything is necessary and most likely enough to lead us toward

Methods / Techniques of Cost Accounting - 5029 Words

Ex-MBA 2011-2014 ( Batch - Weekend ) Semester - 2 Subject: Managerial Accounting ------------------------------------------------- Title : Methods / techniques of cost accounting Submitted by : Vishwajeet Gaikwad – 2011G04 Submitted to : Prof. Sameer Deshmukh INDEX SR NO | TITLE | PAGE NO | 1 | INTRODUCTION | 3 | 2 | METHODS OF COST ACCOUNTING | 4 | 3 | TECHNIQUES OF COST ACCOUNTING | 8 | 4 | USEFULNESS | 10 | | | | | | | 5†¦show more content†¦The system is used generally in cases where government happens to be the party to give contract. D. Batch Costing This method is employed where orders or jobs are arranged in different batches after taking into account the convenience of producing articles. The unit of cost is a batch or a group of identical products instead of a single job order or contract. This method is particularly suitable for general engineering factories which produce components in convenient economic batches and pharmaceutical industries. E. Process Costing If a product passes through different stages, each distinct and well defined, it is desired to know the cost of production at each stage. In order to ascertain the same, process costing is employed under which a separate account is opened for each process. This system of costing is suitable for the extractive industries, e.g., chemical manufacture, paints, foods, explosives, soap making etc. F. Operation Costing Operation costing is a further refinement of process costing. The system is employed in the industries of the following types: a. The industry in which mass or repetitive production is carried out b. The industry in which articles or components have to be stocked in semi-finished stage to facilitate the execution of special orders, or for the convenience of issue for later operations The procedure of costing is broadly the same as process costing except that in this case, cost unit is anShow MoreRelatedBusiness Innovation And Skills Of Uk Government1563 Words   |  7 Pagesthe below discussion. Generally, accounting is a necessary to all kind of enterprises, it helps firms to make decisions and to increase the efficiency and profitability. Moreover, management accounting such as Job Costing, Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis(CVP), Pricing and Target Costing etc. are also commonly used in businesses which help SMEs to calculate the cost and budget. In the following discussion, I am going to investigate different accounting tools and techniques and see whether they are suitableRead MoreEthical Issues Of Financial Accounting984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe reporting to whom. Financial accounting is meant for external reporting to all who are interested in the company’s activities. But in management accounting it is altogether an internal reporting aimed at helping m anagers in discharging their responsibilities. Financial accounting basically contains monetary information. But managerial accounting will contain both monetary and non-monetary issues that are helpful to the management. For example financial accounting will show only finance relatedRead MoreCase Study Questions On Management Accounting1670 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment 2 – Management accounting written assignment NEXT Plc Case Student ID Number: 1423839 May 2016 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Background 3 3. Review of management accounting 4 4. The key management accounting techniques and methods for NEXT Plc 5 4.1 Planning and Budgeting: 5 4.2 Balance scorecard 5 4.3 Cost-volume-analysis 5 5 The analysis’s strengths and weaknesses 6 5.1 Strengths 6 5.2 Weaknesses 6 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 â€Æ' 1. Introduction Management accounting in the recent daysRead MoreManagement Accounting : Planning And Performance Management Systems1625 Words   |  7 PagesManagement accounting is described as â€Å"a profession that involves partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems, and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to assist management in the formulation and implementation of an organisations strategy† (Blocher, et al., 2009). Many Changes in the business environment have occurred in recent years which have caused substantial adjustments in cost management practices leading to a contemporaryRead MoreWhat Is Target Costing And Life Cycle Costing?1246 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past recent years a new term has been coined in management accounting literature:†Strategic Management Accounting†. In the following years and still today, a debate about what SMA comprises has been oriented. It is considered widely by or ganizations while drafting and implementing strategic planning and control system in an organization. This essay will elaborate the understanding and analyzing of work done by CIMA and some other surveyors in relation to this field. Secondary part will beRead MoreDecision Making With Managerial Accounting1563 Words   |  7 PagesDecision Making with Managerial Accounting Accounting is the process charged with the identification, measurement and the communication of economic information in the aim of allowing the desired users in making the correct decisions and judgments. Accounting has two branches depending on the users. Managerial accounting isuseful to core users unlike financial accounting which is more essential to exterior users. Management accounting is, therefore, the identification, analysis, recordRead MoreCorporate Finance at Universal Manufacturing Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesuncertain how to evaluate the machineries. He has asked your advice on the various techniques to evaluate the investment. Discuss the several methods of investment appraisal techniques considering the methods using time value of money and not using time value of money. Beside the above, the CEO is also keen to know about the following terms: (a) Sunk Cost (b) Relevant Cost (c) Incremental Cost (d) Opportunity Cost In your discussion to the above terms, use appropriate examples. Introduction:Read MoreBritish Airways1624 Words   |  7 Pages, how it began it operation its activities, the services it provides, its annual turnover, how it has grown over the few years, the comparison between its competitors and how management accounting can help it grow even better. This report will focus at a background of a chosen organisation, company analyses, cost structure strength and weakness and review it nature and how Management Accountant can supply information to assist the Management of British airways . COMPANY BACKGROUND British airwaysRead MoreCost Control: The Definition of Standard Cost Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesof standard cost according to the CIMA London, â€Å"predetermined cost which is calculated from management’s standards of efficient operations and relevant necessary expenditure.† They are the predetermined costs on technical estimate of material labor and overhead for a selected period of time and for prescribed set of working conditions. In other words, a standard cost is a planned cost for a unit of product or service rendered. (Langfield- Smith, 2009) The technique of using standard cost for the purposesRead MoreAdvantages Of International Accounting Standard 161446 Words   |  6 PagesFrom 1904, some people suggest that we need a uniform accounting standard in the world. After the work hard in more than half century, in 1973, international accounting standard committee has been found. Although this is a non-government organization, they set up accounting standard for all the country, which is convenient to international trade, comparison, and analysis. With the increase of recognition, there are more countries used it, but many organizations and people disagreed the standard.

Example Audit Engagement - 2570 Words

EXAMPLE AUDIT ENGAGEMENT LETTER This example engagement letter is intended solely for general educational purposes. It is not intended for the purpose of providing specific legal, accounting, or other professional advice to any particular recipient or with respect to any particular jurisdiction. The author, publisher, and distributor of this document (1) make no representations, warranties, or guarantees as to its technical accuracy or compliance with any law ( federal, state, or local) or professional standard; and, (2) assume no responsibility to any recipient of this document to correct or update its contents for any reason, including changes in any law or professional standard. Before using any engagement letter in your†¦show more content†¦Our audit will include obtaining an understanding of your internal controls sufficient to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures to be performed. An audit is not designed to provide assurance on internal controls or t o identify reportable conditions, that is, significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control. Accordingly, we have no responsibility to identify and communicate significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in your internal controls as part of this engagement, and our engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose the same. However, during the audit, if we become aware of such reportable conditions, we will communicate them to you. Prior to preparation and execution of this engagement letter, we discussed with you the fact that we provide clients with services specifically focused on identifying and addressing weaknesses in internal controls (internal control review), and on searching for the existence of fraud within your company (fraud audit). We further explained the additional costs associated with such different levels of service. After consideration of such services, you have informed us that you wish to retain us to perform only the audit services described in this letter. You are responsible for adoptingShow MoreRelatedStandards, Norms And Standards Of Auditing And The International Standard On Audit Quality1622 Words   |  7 Pageson Auditing (ISAs) and the International Standard on Audit Quality (ISQC). Question 1 Ethical Standards includes some audit fundamental principles and basic audit procedures for the auditors to follow in order to be objective and independent. ESs has eight parts, which cover the Glossary, ESRA, ES 1 to 5 and ES Provisions Available for Small Entities. Hereinto, ES 1 to 5 in detail introduce the integrity, objectivity and independence in the audit of financial statements (FRC, 2006). These guidelinesRead MoreThe Objective Of Auditing Standard918 Words   |  4 Pagesauditor plans the audit so it can be conducted efficiently. 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For example, the company should consider if the external auditors has a close relationship with employees who hold key positions of the company. This is because the impairment of independence of audit engagement team might result in failure of the audit. Third, I believe a survey related to fraud detectionRead MoreEthical Requirements for Auditors1212 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibilities to its clients. While working for a company to audit their financial information, they are also at the same time working for the public and regulators who rely on externals auditors to prove credibility to the financial information that companies release (Cooper, Coram, Richardson, Leung, 2009). To assist in quality assuranc e, the profession, and government have developed multilevel framework which is designed to regulate the audit profession. This framework includes: * Ethical standards:Read MoreEssay on Hamilton Wong, In-Charge Accountant, Case 6.31482 Words   |  6 Pageson the Wille Lomax audit? Why or why not? Do you believe that Lauren Hutchinson behaved unethically by underreporting the time she worked on that engagement? Defend your answer. If I was in Hamilton Wong’s position, I think I would report all of the time I spent working on the Wille Lomas audit, even if it exceeded the budget. As an accountant, my ethical responsibility is to be honest and have integrity and by not reporting the actual amount of time I worked on the audit, I would be lying.Read MoreA Report On Auditor Independence1363 Words   |  6 PagesAudit Independence Assessment Item 02 –Q1 Author- I U Amarasiriwardhana Abstract This report discusses importance of auditor independence nowadays and how statutory, regulatory code of ethics has been involved in enhancing it and how non-audit services impair the independence of auditors. Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Why Independence Important for auditors 3.0 How enhanced auditors independence 4.0 Non-audit services provided by the auditor to their audit client. 5.0 What are the arrangementsRead MoreAcct 3708 Lecture Pdf1701 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of New South Wales School of Accounting Auditing and Assurance Services 2013 LECTURE 1 Introduction to the Audit Function Assurance Framework Australian Corporate Audits Auditing Standards Lecture Overview †¢ Announcements †¢ Overview course requirements †¢ Introduction to the course – Assurance – Auditing – Legal requirements – Auditing standards Announcements †¢ 1. Tutorial Allocation – Once classes are full no more will be admitted – No new classes will be scheduled Read MoreAn Investigation Of An Audit1561 Words   |  7 Pages An audit can be described as an official inspection of an organization s accounts and is typically conducted by an independent body. Companies often hire external auditors in addition to auditing themselves. External auditors are accountants who work independently of a particular company. They examine company records and operations to ensure financial statements are accurate. External auditors are important to establishing your small business credibility and to ensuring compliance with

A Spiritual Journey Free Essays

Ashwin Sathyanarayanan English 10 Professor Stanley Personal Essay That Once in a Lifetime Chance It is a great feeling going to a place where it’s a huge matter in one’s life. â€Å"Revisiting Sacred Ground† N. Scott Momaday had made a pilgrimage which his Kiowa ancestors. We will write a custom essay sample on A Spiritual Journey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Momaday has said,† There are certain villages, and towns mountains and plains that, having seen them, walked in them, lived in them, even for a day, we keep forever in the mind’s eye. † Just like how Momaday relived his ancestor’s trails, I had a chance as well. I was lucky enough to be able to go on such a sacred journey that people would pay in thousands of dollars. The pilgrimage I would like to talk about is the one I took to a sacred city in India called Badrinath. I follow Hinduism, and in Hinduism there is a saying/belief that if we go on this enriching, and spiritual journey, we will go to heaven after we pass. I have a guru, like a living god, who I listen to and look up to. He took me on this spiritual journey. This spiritual journey had started for me 7 years ago in 2005, around June I had left San Francisco International Airport, and left to my motherland India. I landed in New Delhi, India to be exact. From there we drove to a city called Kasi. The city of Kasi is known for its sacred river. My guru had told me that in Hindu mythology if you bathe in the holy river of Ganges it will get rid of all your sins. We stayed the night there and we went to the sacred river and bathed early in the morning around 5. Then we went to the temple and did some prayer rituals that are performed after the bathing in the river. Later that day we took a bus from Kasi and drove into a city called Haridwar, one of the beautiful cities in the foothills of the Himalayas. When we reached the city of Haridwar, my guru told us a little about the place before we got out of the bus. That is where I learned the myth being told that Haridwar is one of the four cities where amrit (the elixir of immortality) spilled from a pitcher which was being carried by a bird named Garuda. I was amazed by the fact, and my guru said, â€Å"this is nothing wait and you’ll see more amazing things. † He left me questionable that there were more amazing things than this. We got an auto (taxi) and went to the river because we heard that they do an extraordinary festive every night. This festive is known as Ganga aarti, and it happens at the river banks of the ganges (Har ki Pauri). At Har ki Pauri every night at both banks of the river, people are flooded, with an aarti in their hand. An aarti is a lamp lit by fire. After the priests finishing chanting the mantras and show the aarti to the gods, everyone lets the aarti down into the river and they pray what they want, and let the aarti go down stream. I was lucky enough to do that myself. We then went back to the hotel that we had checked into and left the next day back on our tour. We then travelled to our next stop Rishikesh, which is another city in the foothills of the Himalayas. We were in Rishikesh for no longer than 4 hours because we had to get to our sleep stop. During the four hours that we were there we went to a lot of ashrams (meditation center) and saw many Saints. After the four hours had ended, we went back to our bus and left to our night stop, which was called Nanda Prayag. Since it was night time and we were all tired from the really long day, we went to bed, but I kept hearing the noise of the river really loud, and it sounded like it was just too close. Next morning the noise of the river and the animals woke me up and the noise was just so close that I had to go look how far it was. With all my curiosity when I went out to the balcony and I saw the most spectacular view. I saw two of the most holy rivers combine together, the combinations of the two rivers was just so distinct, the Alaknanda River and the Mandakini River confluence. At this place there was a temple ashore of the river. After I went and bathed in the river I had gone to the temple and I had learned the history of this place, it was fascinating. Then we all left the temple to the bus and we left and arrived at our longest stay in our tour, Badrinath. Badrinath was literally the whole reason we went on this trip. It was known as one of the most holiest, and sacred places to be at. We arrived there later in the Afternoon. After we checked into our hotel, we went and explored the city. And while exploring the city we saw many beautiful temples, and all these lead us to the main temple, the Badrinath Temple. We had to cross over a small walking bridge which went over the Alaknandha River, It went with such force, and if you sit in that water nonstop for more than ten – fifteen minutes, you will surely have a heart failure, because the water is that cold, and we are at an extreme altitude. And the most Ironic thing about this cold river is after we crossed it we have to bathe before we enter the temple, even if we had bathed in the morning. When we went to the place we were supposed to bathe, we came to find out that it was a hot spring and this hot spring was ten feet away from the extremely cold Alaknanda waters, ironic enough, I thought so. After we finished bathing there was a ritual which we had to perform. We had to get into brand new clothes and we had to give the clothes were wearing to the more unfortunate people. So after we did that, we went into the main temple, it was enriched with beautiful colors and sculptures all made since the time the temple was created. We had gone in and while we were coming outside, we had ran into a very famous priest, and we all greeted him, and he invited us to come to his ashram, so we all went. There he told us about the main reason of this temple. This temple is only open during Spring, Summer and Fall. They closes the temple, right before we end fall and enter Winter. The closing and opening of the temple is a huge ceremony. This is the most important ceremony to come to if you have major problems which need to be resolved. He told us that during the ceremony they do many poojas (rituals and prayers) and they have an extremely huge lamp and they fill it to the rim with oil and they light the lamp, and during the lighting of the lamp we all must pray for what we all want most. After they light it they close and seal the temple for six months through the harsh winters. The most amazing part is that even though it snows and rains, and harsh winds blow, the lamp never goes out. I was dumb founded by this statement. It is said that it doesn’t go out because of the bonds of all the prayers and wishes the people had made, it is so strong, that nothing can affect it. He continued by saying that after the six months pass, for the wish you made to come true you, must come back for the opening ceremony of the temple. If indeed you do, you will see that the lamp that was lit is still lit and the glory of the light is just so divine. Since he had an urgent issue to deal with he left us in awe. My guru then told me,† I told you I would show you something which is even more fascinating. † I was speechless, and we left back to our hotel and slept. The next day my guru took us to the last village in India, Mana. My guru told me that this is the main source of the river Saraswathi, (the goddess of education) and he had told me that this river is so tricky and mischievous. My guru said that this river after 3 miles this river disappears, it is said that it runs underground and comes back up in a city more down south. After we saw where the main source had come from we saw this passage on the left and my guru had told me out of my whole family to go up because it was a very dangerous path/cave and he said I am the only one in the family that is very capable of going through it. As I went through this path I experienced the biggest fear of my life, snakes. They were literally everywhere. I had gone through this extreme passage and I got out of this tight hole and I could not believe my own eyes, there it was, The Great Wall of China. I had come back down the passage I went up but this time the snakes were all gone, there was none there anymore, which shocked me even more. I had come down and my guru said do not tell us what you saw. I was bursting in excitement and he made me hold it in. It was the hardest thing in life for me to hold in. After we left the village and started going back down on the bus, my guru called me and I went and sat next to him on the bus and he told me,† now I want you to tell us all what happened. † I had then told them that I went up this cave of snakes and saw the great wall, and on my way back not even one snake was there, everyone was in shock. That was the biggest mystery in my life till now. After we came back down we had left back to our beginning destination New Delhi, India. On our way back though we went back in a helicopter, I asked my guru why we didn’t use the helicopter on the way up, and he said,† you wouldn’t have experienced all that you did now if you came on a helicopter. † This was the sacred pilgrimage that all Indians must take at least once in your lifetime, according to Hindu mythology. I now have a dream to go back once again and revisit the same places and relive what did in 2005. How to cite A Spiritual Journey, Essay examples

Environmental Change Speech Changing Climatic Conditions

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Change Speech for Changing Climatic Conditions. Answer: Speech Ozone layer depletion, Global warming, Greenhouse emissions are some of the terms we have been coming across for quite some time now. All these terms are related to the changing climatic conditions of the world, putting forth the bare reality that mankind is facing today. With the idea of increasing production and income, the world witnessed industrialization. This phenomenon not only resulted in mass production of a wide variety of products making our life luxuries but has also brought with it certain devastating situations. The concepts ultimately resulted in evil activities like deforestation, increasing pollution accompanied by a constantly rising temperature. A little too late, the residents of the world realized that changes need to be made in the lifestyle if it is intended to sustain mankind on the precious green earth. To make up for the cons of the fast degrading situation of the only habitable planet, the necessity of preparing certain path to amend the condition was felt (Intergovernmental, 2014). One might be wondering if the climate has really changed the condition of the World so disastrously! It might seem fine today, because climate changes affect human life just the way it affect the glaciers. The change is slow just like a melting glacier (Cohen, 2014). The changing climatic conditions may not have an impact today, but it is bound to affect our future generations. Suffering from devastating situations like floods, drought, scarcity of natural resources and rising temperature would be common (Trenberth, 2014). The devastating situation is evident and does not need anyone to point it out separately. Do you remember the temperature of Canada a couple of years ago? Was it like it is today? Did so many natural calamities occur at these frequent intervals? Was it so hot, so cold, and so rainy? I am sure you have noticed the difference. So the question arises that what actually lead to these changes? Is it the dependency on technology and the need to earn more? We have all became the captives of technology and development. There is no one to blame because no one has made mistake, technology has brought advancement and helped us to achieve the unachieved. It falls in our responsibility to decrease the side effects of the same. There are several ways of participating in the process of making the World sustainable. One can contribute in activities like gardening or planting trees. Careful use of water and other natural resources and would definitely help the environmental condition to improve (Intergovernmental, 2015) Our country is bountiful in crude oil, minerals and timber. However, if these resources are consumed at the same rate as today, it is only a matter of time before we run out of these resources. An investment in the generation of renewable resources of energies, such as, solar and wind energy would help in sustaining the natural resources of Canada. The investment is small compared to other industrial investments but it will open the doors to countless energy industries creating jobs for growing next generation bio-fuels, building solar panels, innovative battery technology and so on. A billion dollars invested in a coal fired power plant creates around 900 jobs, but when the same is invested in solar would create 1,900 jobs and when invested in wind would create 3,300 (Hoffman, 2013). Also, it is an understatement to say that coal mining is a dangerous job. Therefore, it can be said that simply changing to an alternative energy rather than using up the non-renewable energy sources wo uld help in creating a better environment. At the same time it will help in employing large number of people (Rogelj, 2013). Another activity to combat with the changes is by decreasing our carbon foot print. To do the same we would have to shift from high carbon activities to low carbon activities. These low carbon activities are labor intense hence are strong drivers for job creation, especially in clean transport, recycling, and clean infrastructure and energy sectors (Stone, 2012). Investing in small changes in and around our houses and work environment by using insulated doors, continuous gardening, using programmable thermostats etc. would help to create jobs in the small scale industry. Using energy efficient infrastructure could be an extremely easy way to save the earth. Why use more power on equipment that would not only affect our pocket but also release toxic gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons and pollute our nature. On the other hand, investing in energy efficient equipment would result not only in saving money, but would also result in consumption of fewer natural resources. Not to mention, need for innovation and creative technology that would help in a greener earth is at its zenith today. Several small scale industries and startups such as food processing industries, poultry, fishing, road side vendors, leather products manufacturer and others, today are coming up with plans and equipment that would help everyone to adopt to the climatic changes (Bulkeley, 2013). It is us who have to give these companies the chance to help us create a better environment. The above mentioned small scale companies have the ability to increase the hiring capacity in the current industry providing employment to simple labor as well as innovators who work on either sides of development (Hoffman, 2013). Energy industries may not need a lot of manual labor once set up but have the potential to increase the need to labor for pipelines, transportation and manual set up activities. It is true that all the above ideas would cost us more than the conventional methods. However, the concept is not only to give our best to make sure we have a greener earth but also that there is an opportunity for increasing employment in the country. It is our responsibility to make sure that we take certain opportunities to see the brighter side of a climate change investment, where creating jobs and increasing the economy of the country goes side by side. Let us hope that our mere investment would be a contribution to return the favor that nature has done to us. References Bulkeley, H. and Castn Broto, V., 2013. Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(3), pp.361-375. Cohen, J., Screen, J.A., Furtado, J.C., Barlow, M., Whittleston, D., Coumou, D., Francis, J., Dethloff, K., Entekhabi, D., Overland, J. and Jones, J., 2014. Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nature geoscience, 7(9), pp.627-637. Hoffman, A.J. and Woody, J.G., 2013. Climate change: what's your business strategy?. Harvard Business Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Climate Change 2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press. Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M. and Knutti, R., 2012. Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. Nature climate change, 2(4), pp.248-253. Stone, B., Vargo, J. and Habeeb, D., 2012. Managing climate change in cities: will climate action plans work?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(3), pp.263-271. Trenberth, K.E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P.D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K.R. and Sheffield, J., 2014. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), pp.17-22.

External and Internal Factors

Question: Evaluate and explain the external and internal factors that influence new business start-ups, enterprise culture, innovation and creativity. Answer: There are different kinds of organization but none of the organizations are categorized as the either the good organizations or the bad organizations. Organizations working in the process of making them; and therefore they keep on adopting new strategies, so that the product and the services that are being sold by these organizations are readily accepted by the customers. Organization strive to survive in this competitive market and if the company or the organizations wants to survive in this competitive market then the contribution of all the members in the organization is important. The role of the entrepreneur, creative people as well as the role of the innovator is very important. Along with it role of the leader or the management is very important for the survival of the organizations. The effective growth and the sustainability of the organization depend on the management of the organization and to be more specific it depends on the leadership quality of the manager in the organization. The leaders mainly have to work for the five main things, which also include achieving the result, or the goal set by the organization. Although the goal could only be achieved by the organization if the organization has the capability of carrying out the other four task preceding it. Among the fur task, the most important task is providing direction to the people working in the organization and at the same time, the leaders should be responsible for setting direction for the people working in the organization (Sigala and Chalkiti 2015). Apart from that, the leaders also responsible for working with all the people there in the organization and at the same time the leaders are also responsible for effective allocation of resources that are available. Lastly, if there are any changes in the organization, the leaders should be able to facilitate those changes that are being introduced in the organization and if the leaders able to carry out all these tasks effectively then achieving the goal that is being set by them will not be a very difficult thing for them. The growth of the organization depends on effective people management and especially on the work that is being carried out by an effective people manager. The people working in the organization possess many kinds of skills but then without the proper and the nurturing of those skills there will not be either growth of the people or the organization. Here, the role of the people manager is very important because a people manager is responsible for the guiding, as well as for praising the people working in the organization and at the same time they are also responsible for identifying the skills of each people working in the organization. The people managers are responsible for the employees and the other people working in the organization; one more important task they should carry out and that is they should be able to identify the future skills that are needed; for the growth of the organization. According to critics the organization, contain at least five very important parts. Among those important five parts the Operational Core, is the most important part because almost every organization and even the small private organization has the Operational Core. The operational core or the Operating core is the sector or segment, which includes those people who plays the most important part in making the product or services that are being offered to the people. Apart from operating core, the other important segment or sector in an organization is the middle line up segment or the sector. The middle line up segment or the sector help in the effectively managing all the managers, is the responsibility of the middle manager. A big organization or a small organization growing or expanding as a big organization is something that should always be taken care of. Therefore, there is a need of a middle manager in the organization, who very effectively supervises the junior as well as the lo wer level managers. The next important part of an organization is the Technostructure of an organization. Well, at this point, the critics differ from each other, but then there are some critics and scholars who believe that in an organization there is a Technostructure; which makes every decision the best decision. The decisions that are being executed in the best way possible include things like technology and setting up new computerized system and things as such. Most decisions that are taken are intangible decisions and not at all a tangible decision. The fourth part of an organization is the support staff of an organization and because there is a support staff in an organization now it is not very difficult for an organization to carry out all their activities. The support staff of the organization helps in smooth functioning of all the sectors from the operating core department to the Human Resource department to even cafeteria. The next and the final part of an organization i s the apex or the top management of the organization. It may contain a single manager of the organization and at the same time, it may contain a board of directors or managers of an organization who are responsible for looking after the workings of the organization so that the works that are being carried out the innovators, creative people and the entrepreneurs, are executed properly. The workings of all the five departments depend on the mutual adjustment that is there between the five departments and at the same time, it depends on the direct supervision. Direct supervision is good for but at the same time; from the managerial point of view, this is something that is very costly as well. The workings of the entrepreneurs, innovators and the creative people also depend on the standardization of the work, which is possible through system and procedures. Apart from the standardization of work, there is also a standardization of output as well as standardization of skills, which depends largely on the ability of each employee working in the organization. The theory also refers to the fact that the job specialization and the behavior specialization as well as trainings are certain tools that help in the effective management of the innovators, entrepreneurs and the creative people. Apart from these tools they are other tools as well, which include things like planning and control system, unit grouping, size, and tools like indoctrination. The theories are there for the organization and the theory state the different tools that an organization may use for the effective management of everything inside the organization. Although, theories are there, one should not forget that most of these theories are written long ago and therefore, in todays organization, in practice there is a need of all the tools or most of the tools and not one tool is sufficient for the working of the organization. Thus, a difference is there between the theory and the practice, what is there in the theory my not always be true in practical sense as well. The Practice: Power Structure The effective management of all the sections of an organization depends of the decisions taken by the senior management of the organization. There are firms or companies where there are people from different profession such as law, marketing, accountancy and architecture and things such as these, in such a firm the operating core is the most important department. The works that are being carried out in the operating core department are the most important. Here the support services are there but then in reality the support services act as a back room support to the people, and here the senior management has a very important role to play. The problem that the organization faces in practice is the problem of power structure. There are many organizations and each organization depends on different kinds of power structure. There is the centralized power structure where there is the manager or the board of directors who take decisions on behalf of the whole organizations. Again, there are other kinds of organizations as well, such as those organizations that provide accounting services to the people and these organizations has more than one senior managers or partners. Therefore, while adopting any policy or strategy the opinion and the voice of these partners are very important and only after the senior managers agree on a particular policy or strategy only then it is adopted in the organization (Gregor and Hevner 2015). The organization who has this kind of structure follows a decentralization of power but when an evaluation of both the structures are made then it is found out that neither is better than the other. Therefore, the theories are there for both kinds of organization but then not only one kind of theory is applicable for different kinds of organization. The effective working of the organization, in practical depends on the use of different kinds of theory that are there. In practical the management and especially the senior management is responsible for taking effective decision so that the new products and services that are being launched in the market has an advantage in this competitive market. Theory vs. Practice The theory state above about the effective management of the organization and the practical situation that the management of an organization faces is quite different from each other. There is a gap between the theory and the practice and therefore often there are certain problems that most of the organization and the management of the organization faces because most of the time, the management faces a difficulty in taking an effective decision, which will help in managing the entrepreneur, the creative people and the innovators, effectively. Although, effective working of the management will not be a very difficult thing if six steps are being followed, and the six steps actually forms a cycle as well. Among, those six steps one of the most important and the first step is the assessment of the leadership (Greener 2016). There should be an effective management of the leadership, which will help the management to find out the ability of the management in the organization so that the fu ture strategies are carried out smoothly and that too without any problem. At times, there are gaps between the leadership and the management capability and the second step is that the organization should find out the gap between the leadership and the management capability. The third step includes, addressing the gaps that are there between the leadership and the management. There is more than one option and to address the problem, which is the cause of the gap that is there between the managerial and leadership ability. The organization should consider more than one option for filling up this gap that is there. The fourth step that is there is choosing the right and the preferable training option. At times, there is a feeling that an effective management of all the three sectors is not possible without training and therefore it is important that training be provided to the employee. Therefore, choosing the right training option is important, because only the correct training optio n could fill the gap that is there between the managerial and the leadership ability. The fifth step includes evaluating the value for money as well as its impact that is required for the development, of the management and the leadership ability. The objectives that are being set by the organization is important for the success of the organization, therefore, it is important review of both the leadership and the management skills and that too at a regular basis so as to reduce the gap that is there between the leadership and management capabilities.

The Standard Setting Process of Accounting in the Philippines Essay Example

The Standard Setting Process of Accounting in the Philippines Paper The Accounting Standard Council was created by the PICPA to formalize the accounting standard setting function in thePhilippines. The main function of the ASC is to establish and improve generally accepted accounting principles in the Philippines. The approved statements of the ASC are called â€Å"Statement of Financial Accounting Standards† or SFAS. In 1996, the Philippine accounting standards had been changed and based on IASC Accounting Standards. The International Accounting Standards Committee or IASC is an independent private sector which establishes the uniformity of the accounting principles in business organizations around the world. After changing into IASC accounting standards, a decision was made to move totally to International Accounting Standards (IAS) in 1997. The objective of the ASC in the Philippine Accounting Standards is to develop an understandable and enforceable accounting standard that require high quality, transparent and comparable information in the Financial Statements. From 1997 to 2000, the ASC developed accounting standards that were already based on IAS. But it is in the year 2001 that sweeping revisions of Philippine accounting standards are made in conformity with their counterpart in the IAS. The ASC set the year 2005 for the full adoption of the International Accounting standards in the Philippines. However, even before the Philippines had made full adoption of the International accounting Standards, improved and revised IAS and IFRS have been developed and promulgated. To monitor the revisions and redrafting of the IFRS and to ensure that improvements in the IFRS are being made effective in the Philippines, the Financial Reporting Standards Council (FRSC) was established in 2006. We will write a custom essay sample on The Standard Setting Process of Accounting in the Philippines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Standard Setting Process of Accounting in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Standard Setting Process of Accounting in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It succeeded the ASC in its main function of establishing generally accepted accounting principles in the Philippines. In November 2006, FRSC formed the Philippine Interpretations Committee (PIC) to assist the former in establishing the financial reporting standards of the Philippines. Its main function is to recognize, measure, present and disclose requirements dealing with transactions and events that are important in the financial transactions. Other than the FRSC, the Board of Accountancy closely monitors the implementation of the PFRS.

The Effects Of Music On People essays

The Effects Of Music On People essays The other day, driving down the road, I noticed a party in action. As I was getting closer a giant roar of sound was coming out of their inhabitants. It did not seem like any real normal party (what ever normal is) and the sound was rough and tough. It looked like people running in circles going round and round, and then I stopped and realized they were slam dancing to Death Metal music. What an insane view it was indeed. It made me wonder about the effects of music on people. Not only are the effects of music on people displayed in dancing but in other areas as well. Such as, learning, stress reduction, and aggression, as we shall see. It is safe to say that learning plays a major part in peoples lives daily. Everyday someone learns something new. People can learning to swim, play a different sport, or simple learn the new video game on the block. Whether one is aware of it or not, one is always learning something new. It is continuous and none ending. According to Kristian David Olson (1996): One solid way to increase the speed at which people learn is with music. People learn through music and their minds grow faster because of it. Some music, when implemented properly, can have positive effects on learning and attitude. Music is a powerful thing, and when we understand its significance, it can bring dramatic changes both positive and negative into our lives. (p.1) Children can also benefit from learning music at an early age. According to Kristian David Olson (1996): The earliest stages of learning for young are the most important. The fundamentals of learning are instilled into a child at a very young age and how much importance is placed on these fundamentals can have dramatic affects on a childs learning and help them in many ways. (p.1) Background music can also play a role in the learning process. Steve N. Kelly and Mike Manthei (n.d.) mention, With the advent of electronically repr...

The Issues with Infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Issues with Infrastructure - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, the need to build new infrastructure comes at a time when we are dealing with economic deficit. The paper will look into account, the major issues with our infrastructure, including effects of terrorism and natural disasters, funding for departments and new policies aimed at involving private sector in building the new infrastructure. Terror attacks have come up as a new threat against our society and security has emerged as a primary factor to be embedded in our current infrastructure. Security has new found priority, in particular after September 11 attacks. We had to make severe changes in different sectors of infrastructure to reduce the threat. One such example can be seen at airports. Increased traffic has caused congestion at most airports and they have become exceedingly crowded places along with aging infrastructure including runways. Security measures have contributed towards the problem and we see installments of new scanners and surveillance equipment all a round. They have opened up a new fundamental requirement for security and eaten up heavy investments. Terror threats have changed the normal procedures to security centric setup and have left a footprint on the old infrastructure that is modified to incorporate security features. The infrastructure in place for natural disaster includes early warning systems to give government a chance of implementing safeguards. Besides these monitoring systems, rescue teams are elaborately tasked and standard operating procedures for each are very well defined.

National Police Force Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Police Force Service - Essay Example They carry out different activities from prevention and investigation of crimes happening in the different localities mentioned above to enforcing laws, maintaining peace and order and provision of support of operation to the rest of the law enforcement agencies which need it. These police units also operate not only within their nation’s borders but abroad as well and link up with other law enforcement agencies. The war on drugs has been on the increase for quite a while now and despite all the efforts put by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), they have not yet been able to stop the drugs from entering he US borders and infiltrating the market all over the nation. Drug trafficking has become a menace in the country and dire measures need to be enforced if it is to be curbed once and for all. The same case is similar for terrorism cases. Since the 9/11 bombing in New York, all law enforcement agencies have been on the look-out for terrorists and terrorism activities. What is however evident is that the terrorists live within the neighborhood like normal citizens or are assisted by individuals who are inhabitants of the US. The only way to stop them is to identify them from their home and operational locations and this is possible through intense surveillance as well as regular patrols in neighborhoods. All this demands too much time and man power which these agencies from the Department of Homeland Security to the FBI and even CIA cannot offer.

UCR vs NIBRS

UCR vs NIBRS Comparison of the Two Primary Crime Data Sources Used In the United States, the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The two primary sources of crime data employed in the United States of America to routinely monitor the nature and degree of crime are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The data for these two sources is gathered, organized and analyzed by various federal US agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The data from these two sources is used by crime data analysts to determine the nature and intensity of various law breaches and to get information regarding the background, behavior and personality of the criminal offenders. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) consists of data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from more than 17,000 local police departments throughout the USA. A much improved version of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is known as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The NIBRS holds an extremely large degree of information about vari ous crimes committed throughout the USA. The information contained within the NIBRS is organized in various complex ways. In the paragraphs to follow a detailed discussion will be carried, comparing and contrasting various important features of the UCR and the NIBRS. Contrasting Features of UCR and NIBRS Number of offenses tracked The number of offenses tracked is one of the most important points of differentiation between UCR and NIBRS. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) records crime reported and arrests made for the 8 Part I offenses and reports arrest counts for Part II offenses while in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Part I and Part II crime categorization was replaced by Group A and Group B offenses (Samaha, 2005). Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The data collected from local police departments across the USA is used to compile Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). At the UCR this data is then categorized into two groups, Part I offense and Part II offense (Lynch Addington, 2006). The first group, Part I offense includes list of 8 index offenses including: Murder Rape Robbery (personal and commercial) Aggravated assault Burglary (household and commercial) Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson It is the responsibility of police department across the USA to record every reported occurrence of such crimes and then pass on the data to the FBI. At UCR the criminal data belonging to Part I offenses is further broken down in terms of the city, county, metropolitan area and the geographical division in which the incident occurred. All the other types of crimes which are of less serious nature and for which local police departments have little to no information are included in the list of Part II offenses. In totality UCR lists 21 crimes in the list of Part II offenses. Vandalism, drug trafficking, liquor law violation, fraud, embezzlement, gambling, suspicion, disorderly conduct, carrying and possessing weapons and other such crimes of non-violent nature and included among the list of Part II offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The most important point of difference between UCR and NIBRS is that in the NIBRS the classification of crimes in the form of Part I and Part II offenses is discarded in the favor of Group A and Group B classification of offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) contains information on 46 Group A offenses that represent 22 index crime categories rather than only focusing on eight index offenses as in the case of UCR. The 22 Group A index crime offenses are listed below: Homicide (negligent manslaughter, murder/non-negligent manslaughter, justifiable homicide-It is not categorized as a crime) Forcible sex offenses Robbery Assault (Aggravated assault, simple assault and intimidation) Burglary (breaking and entering) Larceny (Theft offenses) Motor vehicle theft Arson Bribery Non-forcible sex offenses Counterfeiting/forgery offenses Destruction/damage/vandalism of victims property Drug/narcotic offenses Pornography/obscene material Prostitution Embezzlement Extortion/blackmail Fraud Gambling offenses Kidnapping/abduction Stolen property offenses Weapon law violations The Group B consists of 11 criminal offenses. This group covers all kinds and types of crimes not contained in the Group A offenses. Curfew/loitering/vagrancy Disorderly conduct Bad checks Drunkenness Driving under the influence Liquor law violations Trespassing Peeping Tom Nonviolent family offenses Runaways All other offenses Summary based versus Incident based reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system is also known as the traditional system of reporting or the summary based reporting system. This system is based on tallying the total number of incidences for Part I offenses as well as summing together the total number of criminals arrested for committing both Part I and Part II offenses. In other words, UCR data consist of total crime counts or summary data of the crimes reported from police departments across the country. In the UCR summary data group is the unit of analysis; crime reports are only available for cities or counties and these may be summed up to determine aggregate level of crime across states and regions in the USA. This cumulative data is then submitted in the form of monthly summary reports to the FBI. It is for this reason UCR is also known as the summary reporting system (Department of Justice-FBI, 2004). The fundamental drawback of the summary based reporting system is that no distinct description is available for defining the nature of offense, the offenders and the victims. This flaw in UCR system is exposed whenever criminal analysis is done at the basic level focusing on individual crimes, offenders and victim as it is possible to sum up individual units of analysis to a higher level, but it is not possible to disaggregate large grouped data to the individual level. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is a very effective crime reporting system that collects data on each single criminal offense and arrest (Siegel Senna, 2007). This new system requires law enforcement agencies to submit at least a brief account of each criminal offense and the resulting arrests (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2009). For each offense known to the local law enforcement authorities, information within the categories of incident, property, victim, offender and arrestee is gathered. In totality information for 53 data elements within a total of 22 crime categories is gathered (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2012). The reports thus developed are highly detailed and meaningful and can prove to be highly beneficial for the local crime agencies. Armed with all-inclusive crime data these agencies can make a strong case against offensive criminals and serial law offenders. Revised Crime Definitions in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) NIBRS revised some of the existing crime definitions found in the summary based reporting system (Hagan, 2003). For instance in the traditional UCR system, Manslaughter by Negligence was defined as The killing of another person through gross negligence whereas in the NIBRS the definition was altered to exclude the word gross, Manslaughter by Negligence is now defined as The killing of another person through negligence. Another point differentiating between UCR and NIBRS in this category is that in the UCR system Manslaughter by Negligence includes all kinds of traffic fatalities whereas in the NIBRS the definition was modified so that the sub-category of Homicide, Negligent Manslaughter now counts all traffic fatalities as negligent manslaughter except only the accidental traffic deaths (Vito Maahs, 2011). Within the Assault offense category the UCR does not provides a definition for the subcategory of intimidation. It is simply stated as an example of simple, not aggravated Part II offense. As compared to the summary reporting system the NIBRS provides a proper definition for intimidation. Hierarchy rule versus Individual offense reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The hierarchy rule employed by the traditional crime reporting system, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for classification of crimes resulted in a number of measurement errors. Under the domains of the hierarchy law if a criminal commits more than one offense in a single incident than only the most serious offense will be listed as the cause of the incident (Wilson, 2009). The example below taken from the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook effectively explains how the hierarchy rule operates (Maxfield Babbie, 2010). A thief broke into a home, stole several items, put them in the car which belonged to the owner of the property. Just when the burglar was about to leave the owner returned and took the thief by surprise who knocked the owner unconscious by hitting him in the head with a chair. The burglar then drove away in the owners car. Here the burglar committed a number of crimes the classification of these crimes according to the Hierarchy rule will be do ne as follows: Nature of crime Classification according to Part I and Part II offense system Burglary-Forced entry 5a Larceny-Theft 6 Motor Vehicle Theft 7a Aggravated Assault 4d Robbery-Other dangerous weapon 3c After classification of the burglars offenses only one offense, falling into the category of Robbery-Other dangerous weapon (3c) was described in the UCR. This offense was listed as Robbery since it is the most serious crime among the list of list of offenses committed by the burglar. The lesser offenses were not accounted in that years UCR totals. Thus, the validity and integrity of UCR is highly compromised for not counting all crimes committed in an incident (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2011). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The hierarchy rule does not exist under the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Under the NIBRS local law enforcement agencies are required to submit detailed information about all offenses committed in a single incident (Paynich Hill, 2011). According to the handbook of NIBRS an incident is defined as one or more offenses committed by the same offender or group of offenders acting in concert, at the same time and place (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). In each criminal occurrence NIBRS collects information on up to 10 offenses. This includes detailed information about the victim, the offender, any witnesses and the nature and type of the offense. The NIBRS also provides information about the circumstances under which the criminal offense took place and the known characteristics of the victim and the offender such as their age, sex, race and the relationship between them (Broder Tucker, 2011). If the example cited above, listed as Robbery under the UCR system, was reported under the NIBRS all the information concerning the nature of incident such as forced entry of the burglar, his act of stealing which includes stealing from home as well as vehicle theft, the injuries he caused upon the owner of the house and the date, time and location of the incident would have been reported (Walsh Hemmens, 2010). NIBRS is of great assistance to criminal analysts by providing complete information about a particular incident. Method of classifying crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) sorts crimes into two broad categories; crimes against persons which includes offenses such as murder, assault, robbery, domestic violence and aggravated assault. The second category, crimes against property includes offenses such as burglary, robbery, larceny-theft, vandalism, arson, auto theft, forgery and fraud. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Like the summary reporting system, NIBRS distinguishes between crimes against persons and crimes against property, but unlike the UCR, NIBRS has included a third category of crime; the crimes against society. This new category was created to prohibit the people from engaging in morally degenerating activities. This category covers offenses such as gambling, drug violations, pornography/obscene material, prostitution and other such vice crimes (Rantala Edwards, 2000). These crimes are recorded as one offense per distinct operation. These crimes are also known as victimless crimes because these crimes are usually not committed against a person hence they cannot be listed in the category of crimes against persons. These crimes also cannot be labeled as a property crime since property is not the objective behind this category of crimes. Attempted versus completed crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): No mechanism existed in the UCR system for distinguishing between crimes that were completed and crimes that were left in the middle or in other words, were left incomplete. This led to serious confusions as many attempted or incomplete crimes were reported in the manner as if they were complete. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) makes a clear distinction between the attempted and completed crimes. In the NIBRS each criminal offense is labeled as either an A which stands for Attempted Crime or C which means a Completed Crime. Means for data correlation Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): Many criminal investigations require data analysts to draw various correlations between the gathered information. The major flaw of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is that it seriously lacks mechanisms for developing effective correlations among data on offenses, arrests and victims. The summary reporting system only enables data correlation in case of a homicide incident. In a homicide incident the UCR can correlate the age, race and sex of the criminal offender to the age, race and sex of the victim. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS uses both explicit and implied linkages for calculating the degree of correlation between different types of data values. The explicit linkages are used to connect together data elements such as offenders, offenses, victims, property, arrestees to the criminal incidents (Department of Justice -FBI, 2004). The implicit linkage, on the other hand is used to draw linkage between all the offenders and victims in any criminal offense, since each criminal offender in any criminal incident indirectly or directly participates in the commission of offense against the victims. The availability of incident specific information from National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) means that law enforcement agencies can not only draw complicated relationships between victims and offenders but also can determine correlation between these relationships and the offense information; a funct ionality lacked by the summary based reporting system. Collection of Weapon Information Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) only collects weapon information for criminal offenses such as murder, robbery and aggravated assault. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS records weapon information for all violent criminal offenses (Cohen Wright, 2011). Establishing Victim-to-Offender Relationship Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the relationship of the victim to the offender (for example, the victim was the wife, husband, father, brother, son, employee or employer of the offender) is reported only in homicide events. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, in NIBRS the victims relationship to the offender is reported for all crimes falling under the category of Crimes against Person i.e., murder offense, assault offense, kidnapping/abduction offense, robbery offense, domestic violence and aggravated assault offense. The relationship between victims to offenders is also reported in case of a robbery since one main element of the robbery offense is an assault which renders it be a violent crime (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). Circumstance Reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the circumstance data is collected only in case of a homicide offense. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the modified crime reporting system, NIBRS, the circumstance data is collected only for homicides as well as aggravated assaults. Hotel Rule Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the hotel rule states that whenever multiple units of a facility for e.g., a hotel are burglarized and the manager reports the incident to the police rather than individual occupants the police will count the multiple burglary incident as a single offense (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2012). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the NIBRS the hotel rule was modified and extended to mini-warehouses and self-storage warehouses. Advantages and disadvantages of UCR and NIBRS There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of both UCR and NIBRS. Some of them are compared as below. Advantages UCR NIBRS Extensive data coverage across various geographical areas. Separately reports each offense that occurs in a criminal incident. Special focus on crimes committed against law enforcement professionals. Four times more inclusive crime categories as compared to UCR. Standardized crime definitions. Contains victimization information. Disadvantages UCR NIBRS Hierarchy rule; reports only the most serious crime or event. Implementation of NIBRS across local police departments has been quite slow. Aggregates different offenses into same crime category. Participation in NIBRS requires increased data entry requirements. Measurement and reporting bias. NIBRS does not utilize data that constitute a representative sample of the population, states or law enforcement agencies. Implications of UCR and NIBRS The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system has collected, categorized and presented crime figures for the greatest part of the twentieth century. The UCR system greatly assisted law enforcement organizations in compiling a huge database comprising of reliable crime statistics. In the twenty first century UCR program went through major revisions, it is now being replaced by a more comprehensive and detailed crime reporting system called National Incident-Based Reporting System. The implications of such an effective and efficiently developed crime reporting system are many, it is expected that the NIBRS system will prove to be a frontline weapon for law enforcement agencies across the country. Conclusion In the USA the two main sources for accessing criminal data are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The UCR was the old and outdated system for keeping criminal records which was replaced by the revised and updated NIBRS in 1989. There are a number of differences between the UCR and the NIBRS yet the most important difference is that UCR is basically a summary based reporting system while NIBRS reports criminal offenses at the incident level. The UCR collects data in a summary format also known as the aggregate or sum total methodology. The summary format for data collection meant that individual characteristics and circumstances of every criminal offense were lost. This problem was solved with the introduction of NIBRS system. The NIBRS not only collects aggregate data but also provides an effective methodology for maintaining the significance of each discrete unit of information. The computerized databases used by NIBRS greatl y assist criminal analysts and researchers in making specific crime related queries.