Monday, January 27, 2020

UCR vs NIBRS

UCR vs NIBRS Comparison of the Two Primary Crime Data Sources Used In the United States, the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The two primary sources of crime data employed in the United States of America to routinely monitor the nature and degree of crime are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The data for these two sources is gathered, organized and analyzed by various federal US agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The data from these two sources is used by crime data analysts to determine the nature and intensity of various law breaches and to get information regarding the background, behavior and personality of the criminal offenders. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) consists of data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from more than 17,000 local police departments throughout the USA. A much improved version of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is known as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The NIBRS holds an extremely large degree of information about vari ous crimes committed throughout the USA. The information contained within the NIBRS is organized in various complex ways. In the paragraphs to follow a detailed discussion will be carried, comparing and contrasting various important features of the UCR and the NIBRS. Contrasting Features of UCR and NIBRS Number of offenses tracked The number of offenses tracked is one of the most important points of differentiation between UCR and NIBRS. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) records crime reported and arrests made for the 8 Part I offenses and reports arrest counts for Part II offenses while in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Part I and Part II crime categorization was replaced by Group A and Group B offenses (Samaha, 2005). Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The data collected from local police departments across the USA is used to compile Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). At the UCR this data is then categorized into two groups, Part I offense and Part II offense (Lynch Addington, 2006). The first group, Part I offense includes list of 8 index offenses including: Murder Rape Robbery (personal and commercial) Aggravated assault Burglary (household and commercial) Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson It is the responsibility of police department across the USA to record every reported occurrence of such crimes and then pass on the data to the FBI. At UCR the criminal data belonging to Part I offenses is further broken down in terms of the city, county, metropolitan area and the geographical division in which the incident occurred. All the other types of crimes which are of less serious nature and for which local police departments have little to no information are included in the list of Part II offenses. In totality UCR lists 21 crimes in the list of Part II offenses. Vandalism, drug trafficking, liquor law violation, fraud, embezzlement, gambling, suspicion, disorderly conduct, carrying and possessing weapons and other such crimes of non-violent nature and included among the list of Part II offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The most important point of difference between UCR and NIBRS is that in the NIBRS the classification of crimes in the form of Part I and Part II offenses is discarded in the favor of Group A and Group B classification of offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) contains information on 46 Group A offenses that represent 22 index crime categories rather than only focusing on eight index offenses as in the case of UCR. The 22 Group A index crime offenses are listed below: Homicide (negligent manslaughter, murder/non-negligent manslaughter, justifiable homicide-It is not categorized as a crime) Forcible sex offenses Robbery Assault (Aggravated assault, simple assault and intimidation) Burglary (breaking and entering) Larceny (Theft offenses) Motor vehicle theft Arson Bribery Non-forcible sex offenses Counterfeiting/forgery offenses Destruction/damage/vandalism of victims property Drug/narcotic offenses Pornography/obscene material Prostitution Embezzlement Extortion/blackmail Fraud Gambling offenses Kidnapping/abduction Stolen property offenses Weapon law violations The Group B consists of 11 criminal offenses. This group covers all kinds and types of crimes not contained in the Group A offenses. Curfew/loitering/vagrancy Disorderly conduct Bad checks Drunkenness Driving under the influence Liquor law violations Trespassing Peeping Tom Nonviolent family offenses Runaways All other offenses Summary based versus Incident based reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system is also known as the traditional system of reporting or the summary based reporting system. This system is based on tallying the total number of incidences for Part I offenses as well as summing together the total number of criminals arrested for committing both Part I and Part II offenses. In other words, UCR data consist of total crime counts or summary data of the crimes reported from police departments across the country. In the UCR summary data group is the unit of analysis; crime reports are only available for cities or counties and these may be summed up to determine aggregate level of crime across states and regions in the USA. This cumulative data is then submitted in the form of monthly summary reports to the FBI. It is for this reason UCR is also known as the summary reporting system (Department of Justice-FBI, 2004). The fundamental drawback of the summary based reporting system is that no distinct description is available for defining the nature of offense, the offenders and the victims. This flaw in UCR system is exposed whenever criminal analysis is done at the basic level focusing on individual crimes, offenders and victim as it is possible to sum up individual units of analysis to a higher level, but it is not possible to disaggregate large grouped data to the individual level. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is a very effective crime reporting system that collects data on each single criminal offense and arrest (Siegel Senna, 2007). This new system requires law enforcement agencies to submit at least a brief account of each criminal offense and the resulting arrests (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2009). For each offense known to the local law enforcement authorities, information within the categories of incident, property, victim, offender and arrestee is gathered. In totality information for 53 data elements within a total of 22 crime categories is gathered (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2012). The reports thus developed are highly detailed and meaningful and can prove to be highly beneficial for the local crime agencies. Armed with all-inclusive crime data these agencies can make a strong case against offensive criminals and serial law offenders. Revised Crime Definitions in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) NIBRS revised some of the existing crime definitions found in the summary based reporting system (Hagan, 2003). For instance in the traditional UCR system, Manslaughter by Negligence was defined as The killing of another person through gross negligence whereas in the NIBRS the definition was altered to exclude the word gross, Manslaughter by Negligence is now defined as The killing of another person through negligence. Another point differentiating between UCR and NIBRS in this category is that in the UCR system Manslaughter by Negligence includes all kinds of traffic fatalities whereas in the NIBRS the definition was modified so that the sub-category of Homicide, Negligent Manslaughter now counts all traffic fatalities as negligent manslaughter except only the accidental traffic deaths (Vito Maahs, 2011). Within the Assault offense category the UCR does not provides a definition for the subcategory of intimidation. It is simply stated as an example of simple, not aggravated Part II offense. As compared to the summary reporting system the NIBRS provides a proper definition for intimidation. Hierarchy rule versus Individual offense reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The hierarchy rule employed by the traditional crime reporting system, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for classification of crimes resulted in a number of measurement errors. Under the domains of the hierarchy law if a criminal commits more than one offense in a single incident than only the most serious offense will be listed as the cause of the incident (Wilson, 2009). The example below taken from the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook effectively explains how the hierarchy rule operates (Maxfield Babbie, 2010). A thief broke into a home, stole several items, put them in the car which belonged to the owner of the property. Just when the burglar was about to leave the owner returned and took the thief by surprise who knocked the owner unconscious by hitting him in the head with a chair. The burglar then drove away in the owners car. Here the burglar committed a number of crimes the classification of these crimes according to the Hierarchy rule will be do ne as follows: Nature of crime Classification according to Part I and Part II offense system Burglary-Forced entry 5a Larceny-Theft 6 Motor Vehicle Theft 7a Aggravated Assault 4d Robbery-Other dangerous weapon 3c After classification of the burglars offenses only one offense, falling into the category of Robbery-Other dangerous weapon (3c) was described in the UCR. This offense was listed as Robbery since it is the most serious crime among the list of list of offenses committed by the burglar. The lesser offenses were not accounted in that years UCR totals. Thus, the validity and integrity of UCR is highly compromised for not counting all crimes committed in an incident (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2011). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The hierarchy rule does not exist under the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Under the NIBRS local law enforcement agencies are required to submit detailed information about all offenses committed in a single incident (Paynich Hill, 2011). According to the handbook of NIBRS an incident is defined as one or more offenses committed by the same offender or group of offenders acting in concert, at the same time and place (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). In each criminal occurrence NIBRS collects information on up to 10 offenses. This includes detailed information about the victim, the offender, any witnesses and the nature and type of the offense. The NIBRS also provides information about the circumstances under which the criminal offense took place and the known characteristics of the victim and the offender such as their age, sex, race and the relationship between them (Broder Tucker, 2011). If the example cited above, listed as Robbery under the UCR system, was reported under the NIBRS all the information concerning the nature of incident such as forced entry of the burglar, his act of stealing which includes stealing from home as well as vehicle theft, the injuries he caused upon the owner of the house and the date, time and location of the incident would have been reported (Walsh Hemmens, 2010). NIBRS is of great assistance to criminal analysts by providing complete information about a particular incident. Method of classifying crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) sorts crimes into two broad categories; crimes against persons which includes offenses such as murder, assault, robbery, domestic violence and aggravated assault. The second category, crimes against property includes offenses such as burglary, robbery, larceny-theft, vandalism, arson, auto theft, forgery and fraud. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Like the summary reporting system, NIBRS distinguishes between crimes against persons and crimes against property, but unlike the UCR, NIBRS has included a third category of crime; the crimes against society. This new category was created to prohibit the people from engaging in morally degenerating activities. This category covers offenses such as gambling, drug violations, pornography/obscene material, prostitution and other such vice crimes (Rantala Edwards, 2000). These crimes are recorded as one offense per distinct operation. These crimes are also known as victimless crimes because these crimes are usually not committed against a person hence they cannot be listed in the category of crimes against persons. These crimes also cannot be labeled as a property crime since property is not the objective behind this category of crimes. Attempted versus completed crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): No mechanism existed in the UCR system for distinguishing between crimes that were completed and crimes that were left in the middle or in other words, were left incomplete. This led to serious confusions as many attempted or incomplete crimes were reported in the manner as if they were complete. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) makes a clear distinction between the attempted and completed crimes. In the NIBRS each criminal offense is labeled as either an A which stands for Attempted Crime or C which means a Completed Crime. Means for data correlation Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): Many criminal investigations require data analysts to draw various correlations between the gathered information. The major flaw of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is that it seriously lacks mechanisms for developing effective correlations among data on offenses, arrests and victims. The summary reporting system only enables data correlation in case of a homicide incident. In a homicide incident the UCR can correlate the age, race and sex of the criminal offender to the age, race and sex of the victim. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS uses both explicit and implied linkages for calculating the degree of correlation between different types of data values. The explicit linkages are used to connect together data elements such as offenders, offenses, victims, property, arrestees to the criminal incidents (Department of Justice -FBI, 2004). The implicit linkage, on the other hand is used to draw linkage between all the offenders and victims in any criminal offense, since each criminal offender in any criminal incident indirectly or directly participates in the commission of offense against the victims. The availability of incident specific information from National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) means that law enforcement agencies can not only draw complicated relationships between victims and offenders but also can determine correlation between these relationships and the offense information; a funct ionality lacked by the summary based reporting system. Collection of Weapon Information Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) only collects weapon information for criminal offenses such as murder, robbery and aggravated assault. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS records weapon information for all violent criminal offenses (Cohen Wright, 2011). Establishing Victim-to-Offender Relationship Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the relationship of the victim to the offender (for example, the victim was the wife, husband, father, brother, son, employee or employer of the offender) is reported only in homicide events. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, in NIBRS the victims relationship to the offender is reported for all crimes falling under the category of Crimes against Person i.e., murder offense, assault offense, kidnapping/abduction offense, robbery offense, domestic violence and aggravated assault offense. The relationship between victims to offenders is also reported in case of a robbery since one main element of the robbery offense is an assault which renders it be a violent crime (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). Circumstance Reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the circumstance data is collected only in case of a homicide offense. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the modified crime reporting system, NIBRS, the circumstance data is collected only for homicides as well as aggravated assaults. Hotel Rule Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the hotel rule states that whenever multiple units of a facility for e.g., a hotel are burglarized and the manager reports the incident to the police rather than individual occupants the police will count the multiple burglary incident as a single offense (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2012). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the NIBRS the hotel rule was modified and extended to mini-warehouses and self-storage warehouses. Advantages and disadvantages of UCR and NIBRS There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of both UCR and NIBRS. Some of them are compared as below. Advantages UCR NIBRS Extensive data coverage across various geographical areas. Separately reports each offense that occurs in a criminal incident. Special focus on crimes committed against law enforcement professionals. Four times more inclusive crime categories as compared to UCR. Standardized crime definitions. Contains victimization information. Disadvantages UCR NIBRS Hierarchy rule; reports only the most serious crime or event. Implementation of NIBRS across local police departments has been quite slow. Aggregates different offenses into same crime category. Participation in NIBRS requires increased data entry requirements. Measurement and reporting bias. NIBRS does not utilize data that constitute a representative sample of the population, states or law enforcement agencies. Implications of UCR and NIBRS The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system has collected, categorized and presented crime figures for the greatest part of the twentieth century. The UCR system greatly assisted law enforcement organizations in compiling a huge database comprising of reliable crime statistics. In the twenty first century UCR program went through major revisions, it is now being replaced by a more comprehensive and detailed crime reporting system called National Incident-Based Reporting System. The implications of such an effective and efficiently developed crime reporting system are many, it is expected that the NIBRS system will prove to be a frontline weapon for law enforcement agencies across the country. Conclusion In the USA the two main sources for accessing criminal data are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The UCR was the old and outdated system for keeping criminal records which was replaced by the revised and updated NIBRS in 1989. There are a number of differences between the UCR and the NIBRS yet the most important difference is that UCR is basically a summary based reporting system while NIBRS reports criminal offenses at the incident level. The UCR collects data in a summary format also known as the aggregate or sum total methodology. The summary format for data collection meant that individual characteristics and circumstances of every criminal offense were lost. This problem was solved with the introduction of NIBRS system. The NIBRS not only collects aggregate data but also provides an effective methodology for maintaining the significance of each discrete unit of information. The computerized databases used by NIBRS greatl y assist criminal analysts and researchers in making specific crime related queries.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Recommending a Low-Cost Customer Service Essay

Executive Summary Acme De Mexico’s Manager has requested assistance in developing a minimum cost daily assignment schedule for the customer service employees in their newly built store. Specifically, he wants to know the minimum total cost per day, which is the decision variable. He also wants to know the exact amount of part time and full time employees which will determine the total cost. The objective function is to minimize costs. Acme specified a minimum number of employees required for each shift, a maximum number of employees per shift, specific shifts for full time and part time workers, and a maximum percentage of 50% of the total hours for part time employees. These constraints were input into Microsoft solver, which determined $47,800 to be the minimum employee cost per day, employing 23 fulltime workers and 45 part time workers per day. Specific assumptions were made which will be discussed in detail, along with the impact of non-typical days. A sensitivity analysis will then be per formed to determine how the percentage of part time employees’ constraint affects the total cost per day. Introduction Now the Acme De Mexico has completed the building process, it is now time to properly staff the store. The store manager, Mr. Rodriguez, has requested a minimum cost daily assignment schedule for the customer service employees at the new store. In order to have Acme De Mexico become a profitable business, it must make the best use of its resources (Jacobs & Chase, 2013). In this case the resources are time, money, and employees. In order to provide Mr. Rodriguez with the information he requested, linear programming will be utilized. Linear programming is the â€Å"several related mathematical techniques used to allocate limited resources among competing demands in an optimal way† (Jacobs & Chase, 2013, appendix A). In this case, we are given the following information. This report will provide an employee assignment schedule for a typical day, developed with a linear programming model  (Attachment 1). This model and its cells will be referenced throughout the report. An explanation will be provided to explain the model to include the assumptions made. The report will also briefly touch on how non-typical days may affect the schedule. Employee Assignment Schedule Acme De Mexico is open daily, from 7:00am to 11:00pm. Employee shifts are broken out over those 16 hours. For every hour of the day, a minimum amount of employees are required to be on the floor, which is depicted in the table below. The minimum number of employees (limit) needed on the floor at a given hour is one of the constraints. This constraint is displayed in cells G22 though V22. Additionally, only 30 employees are allowed on the floor at any given time for safety reasons. This constraint can be seen in cells G26 though V26 This is also a constraint, or limit. See cells A5-21 through cells C5-21. Part time employees are paid $500 (Pesos) per day, and full time employees are paid $1100 per day. Another constraint is the hours worked by part time employees cannot exceed 50% of the total hours worked per day (total hours = part time+full time). This is displayed in cell F36. Excel solver was used to solve the decision variable (E33), which is set as the objective. Cells D5 though D21 are the number and type of employees per hour, and are variable. The goal is to determine the minimum total cost per day. This is our decision variable, and is found in cell E33 of Attachment 1. The constraints mentioned above are input into solver. The first line shows the total number of part time employees must be less than or equal to 50% to the total labor hours each day. The second line ensures that the changing values are integers. We do not want half an employee to show up for his or her shift. The third line constraint ensures that the number of employees per shift does not exceed 30. Lastly, the fourth line constraint took into account the minimum employees per shift as specified by Acme. Our objective function is to minimize Acme’s the total employee cost per day. The total employee cost per day was calculated by multiplying the number of fulltime workers per day (E8) by the salary per day (C31). This total is reflected in cell C33. The same was done for part time workers: (E21)*(D31)=(D33). These two numbers were then added together, (C33)+(D33)=(E33). Solver determined $47,800 (E33) to be the minimum employee cost per day, employing 23 fulltime workers and 45 part time workers per day. Assumptions According to Knode, a few key assumptions are made when using linear programming: â€Å"The assumption of a linear relationship (between the objectives, the constraints, etc.), the assumption of continuous relationships, and the assumption of non-negative relationships† (2011). Additionally, the assumption was made that the solution and variables would  be integers, that is, not a fraction of an employee. It is also assumed that variables and solutions will be non-negative numbers. It can be assumed that there are enough employees to cover for employees who call in sick. Non-Typical Days Non-typical days may affect the schedule. For example, employees may call in sick. Employees who are off may have to come in to cover these shifts, or employees may have to work overtime to cover for the sick employee. This could increase the daily cost if the overtime rate is more than the hourly rate. Overtime may also come into play during holidays or busy times of the year. Acme may decide to open earlier and/or stay open later during these times. Acme would need to hire more employees to cover the extra shifts, or employees would have to work overtime. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis allows us to look at â€Å"variations in key aspects of the problem that could change the baseline answer† (Knode, 2011). One such key aspect is the constraint that hours worked by part time employees cannot exceed 50% of the total hours worked per day. The percentage of part time employees was varied to explore the possible outcomes. The results are displayed in the table below. It is interesting to note that with 0% part time employees, the total cost is the lowest. Conclusion Linear programming is a very useful tool which can help mangers solve many problems, including the problem of employee staffing. In the Acme De Mexico case, the decision variable was the minimum total cost per day for employee staffing. This also required determining the number of part time and full time employees per shift. Constraints were given and were input into solver, which resulted in a minimum daily cost of $47,800, with 23 full time employees and 45 part time employees. References Knode, C.S. (2011). Linear programming – Part 1 – Formulating the problem . Retrieved from: http://vimeo.com/duffer44/linear-programming-part-1 Jacobs, F.R & Chase, R.B. (2013). Operations and supply management: The core, 3e. Chapter 1 and Appendix A

Friday, January 10, 2020

Contributions of Modern Technology by David Ingram Essay

Modern technology has given small businesses an unprecedented ability to communicate with their target markets, causing a dramatic evolution in the way marketers craft advertising strategies. Unlike the shotgun-scatter technique of yesterday’s mass media outlets, new advertising channels created by cutting edge technology allow companies to target small groups and individuals with personalized advertising messages, while collecting feedback and measuring responses on the fly. Research Tools Modern technology greatly enhances advertisers’ ability to perform market research and testing when developing ads. Extensive collections of consumer data can be obtained online, and the results of feedback and opinions can be analyzed instantly with computers. Virtual focus groups can bring together people on opposite sides of the world to view and provide feedback on advertisements, and opinion leaders can be engaged via online surveys that expose the viewer to a proposed ad while soliciting feedback. Development tools for internet advertisements has have improved dramatically over the past 20 years. While the static, logo-driven banner ads of the 1990s were effective themselves, today’s ads feature video, animation and even viewer interactivity. Development Tools Modern technology allows advertisers to create more effective and impressive ads for television, print, radio and the Web. Modern video editing equipment can be used to create ads with a â€Å"wow factor†Ã¢â‚¬â€œsomething that catches viewers’ attention and keeps them glued to the screen. Enhancements in computer animation allow advertisers to create lifelike settings, characters and action that could never be achieved only 40 years ago. Special effects also allows ads to fully leverage the marketing appeal of popular movies and television shows, making the obvious product appeal the only thing that differentiates the ad from the movie or show. With a range of powerful tools at their disposal, advertisers can create visual messages that appeal more personally to specific consumer groups. Social Networks Social networks are proving to be an invaluable resource for small businesses and bootstrap marketers. Social networks, besides allowing advertisers to engage consumers in research and testing, they also offer a powerful and free distribution system. Distributing interesting, memorable ads via a social network can set off a chain reaction in which individual viewers spread the advertising message in a personal way, to millions of viewers, at no cost to the advertiser. Internet Advertising The Internet has wrought havoc on the effectiveness of traditional advertising outlets while simultaneously creating interesting new avenues for marketers to reach consumers. Internet banner ads can be strategically placed on websites that target specific consumer groups much more effectively than mass media. Television-style ads can be placed on Internet videos, such as news clips. Free web-based games can be developed to provide an interactive experience while exposing players to advertising messages. Ads, combined with promotions, can be sent to individuals via email campaigns. Endorsements Paid endorsements of sports celebrities and events have become exponentially more effective due to the reach of radio, television and the Internet. Endorsements that traditionally exposed several hundred spectators to an advertising message can reach millions through national broadcasts and Internet exposure.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

The Loss Of The Last Scholarship - 1908 Words

Imagine the frustration of knowing that the last scholarship is available. This is the last scholarship to the university you have dreamed of your entire life and worked so hard to achieve. That school went to someone else because of their race, ethnicity and nationality. It seems surreal doesn’t it? Every day, voiceless victims suffer from anxiety and stress over the constant fear of being criticized because they physically appear different. Can you picture yourself walking into a store and having someone follow you around, inspecting your every move and having the spiteful judgement that you’re going to steal from them? Everywhere we look, we witness people who are different. Many of us tend to focus on the differences rather than the†¦show more content†¦We have all at one point of our lives felt fear towards anyone or anything new or different. This may be natural for all humans, but it doesn’t mean it’s a good thing. Our response whether that is out of fear or ignorance can lead us into bias opinions towards others and create issues as serious as racial discrimination. For decades, the issue of racial discrimination has impacted the lives of millions of people around the world. Would you ever believe me if I told you a nine year old boy hung himself because he was bullied for being white. This boy’s name is Aaron Dugmore, and he had hung himself because of being constantly bullied by a gang of older guys for the colour of his skin. Most of your probably didn’t even know about Aaron Dugmore or the thousands of other victims being targeted by racism. We often like to fool ourselves into believing that racism is in the past, and that our society has developed into a more accepting era. Nowadays, we assure ourselves that racism is improving and don’t get me wrong, it is in its ways. I mean we can’t forget about our African American president or the dream that anyone, no matter where they come from, can achieve anything they believe in. Still, look around you. Racism still occurs through urban and suburban communities, and th is leads to racial tensions and diversity amongst others. These are the